Comparison between peel and pulp of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus by UPLC fingerprint and multicomponent quantitative analysis / 中国中药杂志

Twenty batches of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus(AFI) were collected, with their peel and pulp taken as research objects. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) fingerprints of peel and pulp of AFI were established with 17 common peaks in peel and 10 in pulp. Six kinds of flavonoids were identified, i.e., narirutin, naringin, rhoifolin, hesperidin, neohesperidin and nobiletin. The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine was employed for similarity analysis, which showed that the chromatographic peaks of peel and pulp were basically similar to their respective reference fingerprints, with all similarities greater than 0.90. The similarity between peel and pulp of the same batch of AFI ranged from 0.850 to 0.983. Cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were conducted on the common peaks of peel and pulp of AFI with SPSS 17.0 and SIMCA 14.1. Combined with the reference fingerprints, these analyses revealed 12 differential components regarding peel and pulp. Further, the content of the 6 flavonoids and synephrine was determined. The proposed method integrating UPLC fingerprint and multicomponent quantitative analysis is applicable to the quality evaluation of AFI. The results provide a certain basis for the scientific connotation about the appearance characteristic of AFI.

Gender differences in biochemical markers and oxidative stress of rats after 28 days oral exposure to a mixture used for weight loss containing p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine

ABSTRACT The association of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine in dietary supplements and weight loss products is very common worldwide, even though ephedrine has been prohibited in many countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate a 28-day oral exposure toxicity profile of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine mixture (10:4:6:80 w/w respectively) in male and female Wistar rats. Body weight and signs of toxicity, morbidity, and mortality were observed daily. After 28 days, animals were euthanized and blood collected for hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress evaluation. No clinical signs of toxicity, significant weight loss or deaths occurred, nor were there any significant alterations in hematological parameters. Biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers showed lipid peroxidation, and hepatic and renal damage (p < 0.05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) in male rats (100 and 150 mg/kg) and a reduction (p < 0.05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) in glutathione (GSH) levels in all male groups. Female groups displayed no indications of oxidative stress or biochemical alterations. The different toxicity profile displayed by male and female rats suggests a hormonal influence on mixture effects. Results demonstrated that the tested mixture can alter oxidative status and promote renal and hepatic damages.

RESUMO A associação de p-sinefrina, efedrina, salicina, e cafeína em suplementos alimentares e produtos para perda de peso é muito utilizada em todo o mundo, embora a efedrina tenha sido proibida em muitos países. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de toxicidade à exposição oral de 28 dias à associação de p-sinefrina, efedrina, salicina e cafeína (na proporção de 10:4:6:80 m/m respectivamente) em ratos Wistar machos e fêmeas. Diariamente, os animais foram observados quanto ao peso corporal, sinais de toxicidade, morbidade e mortalidade. Após 28 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e o sangue coletado para avaliações hematológicas, bioquímicas e de estresse oxidativo. Não se observaram sinais clínicos de toxicidade, tampouco perda significativa de peso, mortes, ou quaisquer alterações significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos. Biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo e bioquímicos mostraram peroxidação lipídica, danos renais e hepáticos (p < 0,05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) em ratos machos (100 e 150 mg/kg) e a redução (p < 0,05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) nos níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) em todos os grupos de machos tratados. Nas fêmeas, não houve indícios de estresse oxidativo, nem alterações bioquímicas. O diferente perfil de toxicidade entre os gêneros sugere influência hormonal nos efeitos de mistura administrada. A associação testada pode alterar o estado oxidativo e promover danos renais e hepáticos.

Unsupported conclusions in the article "Synephrine-containing dietary supplement precipitating apical ballooning syndrome in a young female"

No abstract available.

Synephrine-containing dietary supplement precipitating apical ballooning syndrome in a young female

Apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) is a unique reversible cardiomyopathy that is frequently precipitated by emotional or physical stress. In addition, the few drugs reported to precipitate ABS were either illegal or strictly controlled for medical use. This paper reports a case of ABS precipitated by a dietary supplement. Our case accentuates the potential risk of dietary supplements containing synephrine, which is uncontrolled and available to the general public. Therefore, the Korea Food and Drug Administration should regulate these dietary supplements, and warn healthcare workers and the general public of the potential hazards of the indiscriminate abuse of dietary supplements.

Determination of synephrine and arecoline contents in Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a HPLC method for the determination of synephrine and arecoline contents in Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The analysis was performed on a Symmetry C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) eluted with acetonitrile-methanol-0.1% acetic acid solution (containing potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.6 g and SDS 1.0 g per 1 000 mL) (15: 30: 55) as mobile phase. The detection wavelength was set at 215 nm.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The synephrine and arecoline concentrations had good linear relationship between 0.281 5-2.815 and 0.040 16-0.401 6 microg (r > 0.999 7), and the average recoveries of the two compounds were 97.1% (RSD 1.4%) and 100% (RSD 1.3%), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method is simple, accurate and sensitive.</p>

Presence of p-synephrine in teas commercialized in Porto Alegre (RS/Brazil) / Presença de p-sinefrina em chás comercializados em Porto Alegre (RS / Brasil)

Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) is characterized by the presence of p-synephrine, an amine structurally and pharmacologically related to ephedrine. Besides the same adverse effects as ephedrine, nowadays it is believed that altered levels of p-synephrine can be associated to the occurrence of migraine and cluster headaches. Leaves and fruits of this species are highly commercialized in form of teas and herbal preparations, but without taking into account the risks associated with its use. This work describes a survey of teas and herbal preparations containing C. aurantium, commercialized in Porto Alegre (RS/Brazil), in order to verify the presence of p-synephrine. Comparing with the mean amount available in the supermarkets, around 20 percent of the teas and 10 percent of the herbal preparations declared the presence of C. aurantium in their labels. In a sampling of 15 teas and 2 herbal preparations selected for the analysis, the presence of p-synephrine was characterized in all samples, with levels between 0.0040 to 0.2308 percent, leading to a caution that even being natural products, they are not free of adverse effects.

Citrus aurantium (laranjeira-azeda) é caracterizada pela presença de p-sinefrina, amina estrutural e farmacologicamente similar à efedrina. Além de poder causar efeitos adversos similares aos da efedrina, atualmente acredita-se que níveis endógenos alterados de p-sinefrina possam estar associados à causa da enxaqueca. Folhas e frutos desta espécie são largamente comercializados na forma de chá e em preparados de erva-mate, sem que sejam considerados os riscos associados ao seu uso. Neste sentido, este trabalho descreve uma pesquisa em chás e preparados de erva-mate comercializados em Porto Alegre, para verificar a presença de C. aurantium e p-sinefrina. Comparando com a quantidade média disponível nas prateleiras dos supermercados, cerca de 20 por cento dos chás e 10 por cento dos preparados de erva-mate declaravam nos rótulos conter C. aurantium. De uma amostragem de 15 chás e 2 preparados de erva-mate selecionados para análise, em todos foi caracterizada a presença de p-sinefrina com níveis variando de 0,0040 a 0,2308 por cento, levando ao alerta de que mesmo sendo naturais, estes produtos podem não ser destituídos de reações adversas.

Determination of three chemical components in Fructus aurantii immaturus / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the contents of 3 kinds of components in Fructus aurantii immaturus.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>HPLC analysis was performed to detect the contents of hesperidin, naringin and synephrine. The content of volatile oil was detected determined following the method of Chinese pharmacopoeia.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The contents of hesperidin, naringin, synephrine and volatile oil in ten samples are from 1.25% to 16.6%, 0% to 13.9%, 0.058 5% to 0.676% and 0.1% to 2.2%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The contentre are significant differences of among chemical components in from different samples of Fructus aurantii immaturus are greats.</p>

Determination of synephrine and N-methyltyramine in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae viride by HPLC / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a quantitative method for determination of synephrine and N-methyltyramine in Citri Reticulatae.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Samples were extracted with 30% methanol. ODS column was used with methanol-water-sodium dodecyl sulfate (55:45:0.1) as mobile phase. Detection wavelength was 285 nm.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Synephrine and N-methyltyramine in sample solution were well separated. Linearity of synephrine was good (r = 0.9999) in range of 0.35-11.24 microg. The average recovery was 97.1%, and RSD of repeatability was 1.9%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method can be used for quality control of Citri Reticulatae.</p>

Spectrophotometric and colorimetric determination of etilefrine hydrochlo oride and oxedrine tartrate

Simple, rapid and accurate spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods were presented for the determination of etilefrine HCl and oxedrine tartrate. The first was based on the measurement of the absorbance difference [delta A] in alkaline and acid media. The second was based on the reaction of these drugs with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone HCl in the presence of cerric ammonium sulfate and involved the direct absorbance measurement of the color product at 480 nm